Kedudukan Janda dalam Hukum Taurat dan Hukum Timur Dekat Kuno

Margareta Florida Kayaman

Abstract


Abstract. In Jewish society, a widow may experience a negative social stigma that puts her in a disadvantaged position. This negative stigma certainly confirms that a widow needs protection. The purpose of this paper was to outline the position of widows in the eyes of both Torah and Ancient Near Eastern law. To that purpose, the author conducted a literature review, which includes Old Testament texts as well as extra-biblical texts related to the position of widows. This study showed that widows, in both the Torah and the laws of the Ancient Near East, are entitled to protection. The difference between the two laws is that in the Torah the protection of widows is theologically reflected as initiated and guaranteed by God.

Abstrak. Dalam masyarakat Yahudi, seorang janda dapat mengalami stigma sosial negatif yang memojokkan posisinya. Stigma negatif tersebut tentunya menegaskan bahwa seorang janda membutuhkan perlindungan. Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk menguraikan kedudukan janda di mata hukum Taurat maupun hukum di Timur Dekat Kuno. Untuk itu, penulis akan melakukan kajian literatur, yang meliputi teks-teks Perjanjian Lama maupun teks-teks ekstra biblika terkait kedudukan janda. Hasil dari kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa janda, baik dalam hukum Taurat maupun hukum-hukum di Timur Dekat Kuno, wajib mendapatkan perlindungan. Yang membedakan di antara kedua hukum tersebut adalah bahwa dalam hukum Taurat perlindungan terhadap janda direfleksikan secara teologis sebagai diinisiasi dan dijamin oleh Tuhan.


Keywords


Ancient Near East; hukum Taurat; janda; Old Testament; patriarchic; patriarki; Perjanjian Lama; Timur Dekat Kuno; Torah; widow

Full Text:

PDF

References


Batten, Alicia. “Brokerage, Jesus as Social Entrepreneur.” In Understanding the Social World of the New Testament, edited by Dietmar Neufeld and Richard E. DeMaris. London-New York: Routledge, 2010.

Fensham, F. Charles. “Widow, Orphan, and the Poor in Ancient near Eastern Legal and Wisdom Literature.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1962): 129–39. https://doi.org/10.1086/371679.

Galpaz-Feller, Pnina. “The Widow in the Bible and in Ancient Egypt.” Zeitschrift Fur Die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft 120, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 231–53. https://doi.org/10.1515/ZAW.2008.014/MACHINEREADABLECITATION/RIS.

Gutbrod, W. “Nomos.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Kittel. Michigan, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1985.

Hoffner, H. A. “Almanah, Widow.” In Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament, edited by G. Johhanes Botterweck and Helmer Ringgren. Grand Rapids Michigan: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1974.

Jeremias, J. “Samareia.” In Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, edited by Gerhard Kittel. Michigan, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1985.

Kitchen, Kenneth A. Ancient Orient and Old Testament. London: InterVarsity Press, 1966.

Leeuwen, Cornelius van. “Almanah.” In New International Dictionary of Old Testament Theology and Exegesis, edited by Willem A. van Gemeren. Grand Rapids Michigan: Zondervan, 1997.

Maka, Moses Ndimukika. “The Widow in the Pentateuch,” n.d. https://www.academia.edu/5405508/The_Widow_in_the_Pentateuch.

Patterson, Richard D. “The Widow, Orphan, and the Poor in The Old Testament and He Extra-Biblical Literature.” Bibliotheca Sacra, no. 130 (1973): 223–34.

Pritchard, James Bennett. Ancient Near Eastern Texts: Relating to the Old Testament. 3rd ed. Princenton: Princeton University Press, 1974.

Purnomo, Albertus. Dari Hawa Sampai Miryam: Menafsirkan Kisah Perempuan Dalam Alkitab. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2019.

Rook, John. “Making Widows: The Patriarchal Guardian at Work.” Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture 27, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 10–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/014610799702700103.

Sanjaya, Indra. Menelusuri Tulisan-Tulisan Deuterokanonika. Yogjakarta: Kanisius, 2015.

Schereschewksky, Ben-Zion. “Widow.” In Encyclopaedia Judaica, edited by Fred Skolnik and Michael Berenbaum. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA in association with the Keter Pub. House, 2007.

Sitorus, Herowati. “Teologi Pembuangan: Suatu Kajian Teologis Konsep Teologi Pembuangan Menurut Yeremia.” Jurnal Teologi Cultivation 4, no. 1 (2020): 56–75.

Steinberg, Naomi. “Romancing the Widow: The Economic Distinctions between The´almānâ, the ´iššâ-´almānâ and the ´ēšet-Hammēt” (Woman and Property in Ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean Societies.” edited by Deborah Lyons and Raymond Westbrook. The Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, 2003.

Walsh, Jerome T. “1 Kings.” In The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, edited by Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer, and Roland E. Murphy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990.

Westbrook, Raymond. “Patronage in the Ancient Near East.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 48, no. 2 (January 1, 2005): 210–33. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568520054127121.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.30648/dun.v8i1.933

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 551 times
PDF - 414 times

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Kristiani

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Jurnal Dunamis telah terdaftar pada situs:

View My Stats

Online ISSN : 2541-3945

Printed ISSN : 2541-3937

Copyright © Jurnal Dunamis 2016. All Rights Reserved.